Process Data set: AKD sizer production; technology mix; production mix, at plant; 100% active substance (en)
Process information
| Key Data Set Information | |
| Location | GLO |
| Reference year | 2017 |
| Name |
Base name
; Treatment, standards, routes
; Mix and location types
; Quantitative product or process properties
AKD sizer production; technology mix; production mix, at plant; 100% active substance
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| Use advice for data set | Notice: this data set supersedes the EF3.0-compliant version (see link under "preceding data set version" below calculated with the EF3.0). The life cycle inventory is not changed from the original EF3.0 data set. The LCIA results are calculated based on the EF3.1 methods which provide updated characterisation factors in the following impact categories: Climate Change, Ecotoxicity freshwater, Photochemical Ozone Formation, Acidification, Human Toxicity non-cancer, and Human Toxicity cancer. The review report and the data quality ratings refer to the original results. The data set has been updated by the European Commission on the basis of the original EF3.0 data set delivered by the data provider. |
| Classification |
Class name
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Hierarchy level
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| General comment on data set | TYPE OF DATASET Each chemical compound is provided in aggregated (LCI results) and level-1 disaggregated (unit process, single operation) form. For more information, see the report (ecoinvent Association, 2020, Data on the Production of Chemicals created for the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) transition phase implementation, www.ecoinvent.org, ecoinvent Association, Zurich, Switzerland). This dataset represents the LCI results. PROCESS DESCRIPTION This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD). AKD is a waxy, water-insoluble solid which is produced from fatty acids. It is one of the most widely used sizing agents for the production of paper, where it is used for increasing the hydrophobicity of paper (Hischier 2007). The activity starts when the raw materials enter the process. Materials entering the process are included as well as energy uses, infrastructure and emissions. References ecoinvent (2017) Data on the Production of Chemicals created for the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) pilot phase implementation, www.ecoinvent.org, ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de Hischier R. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Packagings & Graphical Papers. ecoinvent report No. 11. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2007. Kumar S., Chauhan V. S., Chakrabarti S. K. (2012) Separation and analysis techniques for bound and unbound alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) in paper: A review, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Volume 9, Supplement 2 Roberts J. C. (1996) Neutral and alkaline sizing, in Paper Chemistry, pp 140-160 BAFS, 2012. GPS Safety Summary. Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD). Retrieved from: http://www.windenergy.basf.com/group/corporate/wind-energy/en/literature-document:/GPS+Safety+Summaries--Alkyl+Ketene+Dimer+AKD-English.pdf, accessed 1 April 2017 Water content of the reference product: 0.0 kg Biogenic carbon content of the reference product: 0.538228773584906 kg DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT The data quality ratings for the datasets were determined as the average of the 5 individual ratings for Technological Representativeness, Geographical Representativeness, Time-related representativeness, Precision/uncertainty, and implementation of the End of Life Formula. The final scores for these 5 descriptors were determined by the independent, external reviewer after a discussion with the internal reviewers. The basis for this determination was generally a contribution analysis of the material and energy inputs as well as direct resource uses and emissions. This process was required by the tender. The contribution analysis is based on the most important flows in the dataset, defined in the tender specifications as "the unit processes contributing cumulatively to at least to 80% of the total environmental impact based on characterised and normalised results". In addition to unit processes, direct emissions also qualified as input exchanges for this approach. For the normalization, the normalisation factors "EC-JRC Global (2010 or 2013), per person" available at http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?page_id=140 were used. For each parameter, the DQR scores were chosen to best reflect the conditions and quality of the amount value, the appropriateness of the chosen exchange for the specific needs of the system under analysis, and the quality of the foreground and background data for aggregated inputs of exchanges from the technosphere, i.e. not direct emissions or resource uses. ENERGY AND TRANSPORT INFORMATION SOURCE Energy and transport was used in both the foreground and background of this dataset. When building the dataset, energy and transport demands were supplied directly by datasets provided by Sphera. The background for every other input from technosphere uses a modified version of the ecoinvent database, created specifically for the PEF. In this version, every instance of energy and transport supply, anywhere in the database, was replaced by a dataset from Sphera. This ensures that every demand for energy and transport, in the foreground and in the background, is supplied by a Sphera dataset. BILL OF MATERIALS The bill of material includes the following inputs: chemical factory, organics: 4e-10 unit heat, in chemical industry: 3.8775 MJ nitrogen, liquid: 0.019 kg tap water: 0.026 kg wastewater, average: -2.7e-06 m3 Electricity: 4.34072351983 kWh Thermal energy (MJ): 25.13469572 MJ stearic acid chloride: 1.19666280683 kg. NOT INCLUDED EXCHANGES All known elementary exchanges are included. PROCESS DIAGRAM LEGEND The file 'Diagram of data for chemicals EF3.0' presents the general structure of the processes created for the EF chemical data. A complete flow diagram for the selected process is available in the relevant section. |
| Copyright | Yes |
| Owner of data set | |
| Quantitative reference | |
| Reference flow(s) | |
| Biogenic carbon content | |
| Time representativeness | |
| Data set valid until | 2024 |
| Technological representativeness | |
| Technology description including background system | Alkylketene dimer sizing agent is modelled by the reaction of fatty acid chlorides (C12‐C20) and N, N-dimethylisopropylamine (DMIPA). In particular, the fatty acid chloride considered for this dataset is stearic acid chloride (BASF 2012). This inventory representing production of a particular chemical compound is at least partially based on a generic model on the production of chemicals. The data generated by this model have been improved by compound-specific data when available. The model on production of chemicals is using specific industry or literature data wherever possible and more generic data on chemical production processes to fill compound-specific data gaps when necessary. The basic principles of the model have been published in literature (Hischier 2005, Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability). The model has been updated and extended with newly available data from the chemical industry. In the model, unreacted fractions are treated in a waste treatment process, and emissions reported are after a waste treatment process that is included in the scope of this dataset. For volatile reactants, a small level of evaporation is assumed. Solvents and catalysts are mostly recycled in closed-loop systems within the scope of the dataset and reported flows are for losses from this system. For more detailed description of the model see the sectorial report (ecoinvent (2017) Data on the Production of Chemicals created for the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) pilot phase implementation, www.ecoinvent.org, ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland). |
| Flow diagram(s) or picture(s) | |
Modelling and validation
Administrative information
Inputs and Outputs
LCIA results